(Published in International Family Law Review, February 1998)

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, signed on 25 October 1980, was ratified by Greece on 2 December 1992 by virtue of law 2102/1992 and came into force on 1 June 1993.
According to the most recent statistics provided by the Greek Central Authority (Ministry of Justice) the number of the Hague Convention cases entered in Greece (through the Central Authorities) and heard by the Greek courts is 87 (33 in 1994, 25 in 1995, 22 in 1996 and in 1997).
The majority of the cases tried in the Greek courts have been the result of requests by the USA, Germany, the UK, Australia, Sweden and Canada. In these cases, approximately 6% of the applications ended in amicable settlements, while approximately 60% ended in judicial decisions ordering the child’s return.
The number of requests which Greece has made through its Central Authority to overseas authorities is 36 (seven in 1994, 13 in 1995, eight in 1996 and eight in 1997).
These have been made mainly to the UK, the USA and Germany. Approximately 5% of these cases ended in amicable settlements, while approximately 85% to 90% ended in judicial decisions dismissing the applications for the return of the child.
According to the information gathered from the Central Authority it seems clear that the Greek courts are inclined to issue judgements in accordance with the initial purpose of the Convention’s enactment, while Greece’s experience of overseas courts seems to make much more extensive use of the exceptions provided in Arts 12 and 13 of the Convention and dismiss applications for return.

(Published in International Family Law Review, November 1997)

Legal aid has become an integral part of many European countries’ legal systems. In Greece, however, the only assistance available until now has been by way of “poverty benefit” under Arts 194-204 of the Civil Procedure Code.
Poverty benefit, rarely used in practice owing to a number of disadvantages, is granted to applicants in extreme poverty. It can also be granted to foreign nationals on the basis of reciprocity. The benefit is granted in preliminary proceedings by the magistrate, judge of the One Member Court of First Instance or the chairman of the court where the main application is to be heard. The application must be supported by certificates from various authorities evidencing poverty. If successful, the applicant (who may be underrepresented) is granted poverty benefit covering all levels of jurisdiction including enforcement of any resulting order. The court granting the benefit will determine the extent to which the litigation expenses (including the lawyer’s fees) will be covered.
In practice, poverty benefit is confined to a very few extremely poor litigants, and its outreach is even further reduced by the reluctance of people to be characterised as paupers. There is clearly ample scope for improvement of the system from both a legal and social point of view.
With this end in view, the Athens Bar Association is pioneering a new system of legal aid for Greece. It has established a legal aid board offering guaranteed defence and assistance to defined categories of disadvantaged people (for example disabled or unemployed people, foreigners, financial and political refugees, pensioners on low incomes, and members of ethnic minorities, etc). Under the scheme, lawyers are appointed to represent citizens who fall within the above categories with the costs being met from a special account. A request has been made for Government support through relevant associations and unions, and funding of the special account. Fifteen trials have taken place under the scheme since it began in May 1997.